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The International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO) is an annual six-problem, 42-point mathematical olympiad for pre-collegiate students and is the oldest of the International Science Olympiads.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=International Mathematics Olympiad (IMO) )〕 The first IMO was held in Romania in 1959. It has since been held annually, except in 1980. About 100 countries send teams of up to six students,〔 plus one team leader, one deputy leader, and observers.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The International Mathematical Olympiad 2001 Presented by the Akamai Foundation Opens Today in Washington, D.C. )〕 The content ranges from precalculus problems that are extremely difficult to problems on branches of mathematics not conventionally covered at school and often not at university level either, such as projective and complex geometry, functional equations and well-grounded number theory, of which extensive knowledge of theorems is required. Calculus, though allowed in solutions, is never required, as there is a principle at play that anyone with a basic understanding of mathematics should understand the problems, even if the solutions require a great deal more knowledge. Supporters of this principle claim that this allows more universality and creates an incentive to find elegant, deceptively simple-looking problems which nevertheless require a certain level of ingenuity. The selection process differs by country, but it often consists of a series of tests which admit fewer students at each progressing test. Awards are given to a top percentage of the individual contestants. Teams are not officially recognized—all scores are given only to individual contestants, but team scoring is unofficially compared more so than individual scores. Contestants must be under the age of 20 and must not be registered at any tertiary institution. Subject to these conditions, an individual may participate any number of times in the IMO. ==History== The first IMO was held in Romania in 1959. Since then it has been held every year except 1980. That year, it was cancelled due to internal strife in Mongolia.〔Turner, Nura D. ''A Historical Sketch of Olympiads: U.S.A. and International'' ''The College Mathematics Journal'', Vol. 16, No. 5 (Nov., 1985), pp. 330-335〕 It was initially founded for eastern European countries participating in the Warsaw Pact, under the Soviet bloc of influence, but eventually other countries participated as well.〔 Because of this eastern origin, the earlier IMOs were hosted only in eastern European countries, and gradually spread to other nations.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Singapore International Mathematical Olympiad (SIMO) Home Page )〕 Sources differ about the cities hosting some of the early IMOs. This may be partly because leaders are generally housed well away from the students, and partly because after the competition the students did not always stay based in one city for the rest of the IMO. The exact dates cited may also differ, because of leaders arriving before the students, and at more recent IMOs the IMO Advisory Board arriving before the leaders.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Norwegian Students in International Mathematical Olympiad )〕 Several students, such as Zhuoqun Alex Song, Teodor von Burg, Lisa Sauermann, and Christian Reiher have performed exceptionally well on the IMO, scoring multiple gold medals. Others, such as Grigory Margulis, Jean-Christophe Yoccoz, Laurent Lafforgue, Stanislav Smirnov, Terence Tao, Sucharit Sarkar, Grigori Perelman, Ngô Bảo Châu and Maryam Mirzakhani have gone on to become notable mathematicians. Several former participants have won awards such as the Fields medal. In January 2011, Google gave €1 million to the International Mathematical Olympiad organization. The donation will help the organization cover the costs of the next five global events (2011–2015).〔(Google Europe Blog: Giving young mathematicians the chance to shine ). Googlepolicyeurope.blogspot.com (2011-01-21). Retrieved on 2013-10-29.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「International Mathematical Olympiad」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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